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浅析档案保密工作保障措施/张智涛

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浅析档案保密工作保障措施

张智涛


  档案资源作为国家资源的重要组成部分,其保密工作带头档案事业发展和国家案例。笔者仅就如何做好档案保密工作,确保档案安全阐述几点粗浅的认识。

一、强化档案保密意识

  和缓档案部门要不断增强做好档案保密工作的责任感和使命感,站在国家安全的高度,切实重视和不断强化档案保密工作。要驾驭档案保密宣传工作的力度,通过对《档案法》、《保密法》相关知识的学习,多渠道、全方位地宣传档案保密工作,强化保密法制观念,牢固树立“保密工作无小事”的责任意识,提高保密工作的自觉性和责任感,自觉履行保守国家秘密的义务。对涉密纸质档案、磁性介质的借阅、保管、销毁等环节要严格遵守保密制度,确保万无一失,把安全责任意识贯穿于档案工作的始终。同时,要认真贯彻“预防为主”的方针政策,坚决防止和克服麻痹大意的思想和侥幸心理。要经常开展安全教育工作,把档案安全工作的重要性讲清、讲明,把泄密的危害和后果讲足、讲透,让安全意识真正深入人心。

二、加强档案库房安全建设

  档案库房的科学管理是做好档案保密、维护档案安全的基本保障。首先,档案库房应配备防盗门、铁栏窗、报警器、电子监控设备等防盗设施,并随时做好各项设施设备的检修、维护工作。其次,档案库房应指定专人负责管理,落实双人双锁等严格的库房管理制度,无关人员一律禁止入内。其三,涉及国家秘密的档案应单独保管,要设带锁的移动密集档案架、带密码锁的保险柜等,从保管条件上确保档案的安全。其四,应减少档案的破损率延长档案的使用寿命。如,对不易保管的磁盘、光盘等存储介质应配备专用的档案消磁柜;对容易破损的硫酸纸图等重要档案配备好防潮、增湿设备。另外,要坚持日常监督与重点检查相结合,不定期组织全面细致的安全检查,在认真清点核对档案数目的同时,及时发现和消除档案库房的安全隐患,做到及时检查、及时清理,采取切实的有效措施,堵塞危及档案安全的漏洞。

三、完善保密档案借阅管理

  加强保密档案借阅制度建设至善重要。应制定细致完善的档案借阅制度、外借制度、复制制度等。各项档案借阅规章制度的条文应严密而简明,便于执行,并在实践中认真加以总结,不断充实和完善,确保保密档案的安全。保密档案的借阅、移出、销毁等应严格按规定手续办理,必须按要求填写撮单,由直接领导、项目负责人签字,认真履行登记、签字手续,填写借阅卡及借阅簿,手续齐全后方可借阅。借阅人要遵守保密制度,严禁转借泄密和以个人名义向外单位转让档案技术成果。保密档案使用完毕后应及时核对、检查、维护与安全,不能私自撕拆、涂改,更不得缺页少项。借阅的档案要保管好,不能丢失,发现失密、泄密问题,应及时查明原因,及时向档案部门报告,进行补救。保密档案的借阅时间不得超过一年,因项目周期长而不能及时归还的,应办理续借手续。对长年欠档,经追究仍不交还或造成遗失的,必须追究其责任,按国家规章制度严肃处理。此外,因工作调离、离退休和长期病休的,出国工作及出国探亲的,都必须全部清还借阅的档案,由档案室签字后,方可办理有关手续。属借调工作人员借阅保密档案时,必须由项目负责人代借,当其离院时由代借人还清档案。

四、加强电子档案管理

  安全保密措施是衡量电子信息安全与否、电子档案管理完善与否的一个重要指标。电子档案从保管形式上主要分为两种,和种是存储在磁盘、光盘上的电子档案,另一种是存储在网络数据库中的电子档案。存储在磁盘、光盘上的电子档案,相对比较好管理。在保管方面主要做好防消磁、防损坏工作,必要时可以复制副本或异地保存。在借阅方面主要应做到以下几点:一是所借的电子档案项目要与正在设计的工程项目内容相同,且要经主管领导及项目负责人批准,方可借阅;二是要根据使用者的情况而,不可以无原则地向所有使用者提供全部利用方式;三是应根据电子档案内容的秘密等级进行有效管理,对秘密等级比较高的,不宜用拷贝的方式提供利用;四是要对重要电子档案的信息内容进行加密处理。而存储在网络数据库中的电子档案,则应重点做好数据库的安全与保密工作。首先要加强对计算机信息系统的保密管理,做好内外网分离工作,并对内外网服务器部署好防火墙;涉密计算机不得与国际互联网相连。其次,为了防止内部人员将保密资料非法外传,需要对每个人做好权限控制,确保保密数据只能被有权限的人使用,且整个使用过程应被完整记录,做好事前防御,事后追踪。其三,可根据权限查阅,在权限范围内更改、编辑图纸、文本,但是不能将图纸及文本本身或者内容下载到终端用户及任何设备上。这样,所有的保密数据统一集中地保存在服务器上,既有效又安全,从根本上杜绝保密信息的泄漏。






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国家工商行政管理局商标局关于报送驰名商标认定申请材料有关问题的通知

国家工商行政管理局商标局


国家工商行政管理局商标局关于报送驰名商标认定申请材料有关问题的通知
国家工商行政管理局商标局




各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局:
《驰名商标认定和管理暂行规定》发布实施以来,各级工商行政管理部门积极进行宣传,认真贯彻实施,在加大驰名商标保护力度的同时,进一步提高了企业创立驰名商标的积极性。然而,在申请驰名商标认定过程中,一些企业出于对商标工作的重视和对认定驰名商标的迫切需求,往
往派人进京将申请材料送至我局,这样做不仅加重企业的负担,而且在一定程度上影响我局及地方工商行政管理部门的正常工作。为减轻企业不必要的负担,促进商标管理机关的廉政建设,保证驰名商标认定工作有秩序地进行,现就有关问题通知如下:
一、经省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局签署意见的申请材料,应由该机关以邮寄方式上报我局,不要派人亲自送交,更不要派人偕企业人员进京送交。
二、企业需要直接将申请材料(或补充材料)送交我局的,应通过邮寄方式送交,不要派人面交。
三、驰名商标认定申请材料需要进一步核实有关内容或者需要补充材料的,我局将及时以函电等形式通知有关机关或企业予以补正。未接到通知的,请不要派专人来我局询问。
接此通知后,请及时向有关企业及商标代理机构传达并共同严格遵守。



1997年9月19日
WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism

------An Analysis of the DSU in Positivism



by
Chengwei, Liu




Foreword
This book is a systematically selected compilation of Reports issued by various panels and the standing Appellate Body, then adopted by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction by the end of May 2002, in category of subjects such as causes of action, initiation of panel proceedings, function of panels, rules of evidence and special rules governing anti-dumping disputes, etc., which are in most cases ruled as “preliminary issues” or “procedural objections”. However, this book is not intended to be exhaustive. It deals only with issues in dispute settlement proceedings under the WTO jurisprudence that the author considers the more important, where such rules are mainly concerned as Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994; Arts. 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21.5, 23, 26 of the DSU; Arts. 17.4, 17.5, 17.6 of the AD Agreement and Arts. 31, 32 of the Vienna Convention and so on.
Moreover, this book is intended to be descriptive and positive rather than prescriptive and theoretical. Most of the author’s analysis benefits much from the precise and logically organized reports by panels and the Appellate Body, administered by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction. It must be made clear that these reports do not constitute binding “subsequent practice” referred to in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, nor do they operate as stare decisis, panels and the Appellate Body are therefore not bound by past reports. Nevertheless, it does be the case demonstrated by the DSB practice that, relevant reasoning in a particular case has been cited or followed frequently by another panel or confirmed by the Appellate Body in subsequent cases.
As ruled by the Appellate Body in Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (DS44), “[a]dopted panel reports are an important part of the GATT acquis. They are often considered by subsequent panels. They create legitimate expectations among WTO Members, and, therefore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute”. Furthermore, a panel could nevertheless find useful guidance in the reasoning of an unadopted panel report when it considers relevant. More importantly, as stated in the letter with which the Appellate Body conveyed in the February of 1996 its Working Procedures for Appellate Review to the DSB for information, “… it is also important to ensure consistency and coherence in our decision-making, which is to the advantage of every WTO Member and the overall multilateral trading system we all share”.
There is no doubt that, in line with the pragmatic evolution of the GATT dispute settlement system, the progressive clarification of a number of issues that are not precisely regulated in the DSU and the further development of the WTO dispute settlement procedures, will gradually evolve after having been tested and progressively clarified and improved in concrete dispute settlement cases.
Considering all of this, the author complete this book with serious-minded exploring examination and great diligence, bearing in mind that it is therefore practical and of great significance for WTO Members to be informed of the valuable rulings in those reports issued by panels and the Appellate Body in particular cases.

List of Abbreviations

ATC Agreement on Textile and Clothing
BISD Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (published by GATT)
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
EC The European Communities
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IMF International Monetary Fund
PGE Permanent Group of Experts (in the SCM Agreement)
SCM Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SG Agreement on Safeguards
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TMB Textiles Monitoring Body
TRIMS Trade-related Investment Measures
TRIPS Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TSB Textiles Surveillance Body
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
Table of Contents

Chapter I Trend towards “Judicialization”:
A Rule-oriented Dispute Settlement System
Chapter II Causes of Action before the DSB:
Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994
Section One Right to Pursue a Proceeding under the WTO
I The Concept of Nullification or Impairment
II The Standing Issue before the DSB